In-text referencing
In-text referencing allows the reader to access the source documents in order to verify the validity of your arguments and evidence on which they are based. You may use differnet reference methods. Different reference methods use different citation ordination in the reference list.
Numeric Reference Method
The documents cited are numbered in succession depending on first use in the text document which you refer to more than once in the text is listed under the same number.
Reference numbers are given in round or square brackets or in the upper index. In the brackets the page number where the specific information appears in the original text may also appear after the comma.
Example
Text:
… combination of e-learning, gamification and balanced tasks and skills can lead students into the so-called state of flow. Csikszentmihalyi [1] describes the flow as an optimal experience characterized as a state of being fully focused and engaged in an activity. According to [2], feeling of flow is …
Reference list:
- CSIKSZENTMIHALYI, M. Flow: The psychology of optimal experience. New York: Harper and Row, 1990.
- MCGONIGAL, J. Reality is broken: Why games make us better, how they can change the world. New York: The Penguin Press, 2011.
- LEWIS, C. Driving factors for e-Learning: an organizational perspective. Perspectives, 2002, 6 (2), pp. 50-54.
- CSIKSZENTMIHALYI, M. Flow: The psychology of optimal experience. New York: HarperCollins, 2008.
Author – date format (like Harvard)
The reference is appropriate to create by indicating the first entry information (mostly author or organization name), in the case of the work without author we indicate first words of the title name and issue date. This information is put in round or square brackets. Page number where specific information appears in the original document is put after the comma.
Example
Text:
… freedom to fail allows students to experiment without fear and increases student engagement (Lee and Hammer, 2011). Gamification must not be mistaken for programmed learning or computer-based learning, even though some of the interpretations suggest the latter, only underlining the compatibility of the theory with the new technologies (Biro, 2014).
Reference list:
BIRO, G. I., 2013. Ready, Study, Share: An inquiry into the didactic approach of gamification with a special view to the possible application in higher education. In: 1st Annual International Interdisciplinary Conference, Conference Proceedings. European Scientific Institute Publishing.
BIRO, G. I., 2014. Didactics 2.0: A pedagogical analysis of gamification theory from a comparative perspective with a special view to the components of learning. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, vol. 141, pp. 148-151.
LAURILLARD, D., 2005. E-learning in higher education. In: ASHWIN, P. (ed.). Changing higher education. London: Routledge, pp. 71-84.
LEE, J. and J. HAMMER, 2011. Gamification in education: What, how, why bother? Academic Exchange Quarterly, 15(2).
Tips
In case the author's name appears in the text only the year of issue is entered in the brackets (possibly page number).
Example: „As Regaldo [1995] points out, it is the current trend..."
If the author published more than one publication in one year, and you mention all in your text, the lowercase letter of the alphabet is written after the year of issue.
Example: „It can be noted that the majority of the currently published professional contributions are drawn up by several authors, depending on the field it can be up to a few dozen co-authors [Regaldo, 1995a]. …“
If you need to refer to two or more publications at the same time, the individual works are not put in brackets individually, they are all listed in one brackets and separated by semicolon in chronological order (with the earliest date first).
Example: „In aid of cooperation there are a number of web services and tools that are based on the idea of web 2.0 [Boulos a Wheeler, 2007; Boyd a Ellison, 2009]. …“
Information on the year of issue is usually moved immediately after the first entry.
Example: REGALDO, Antonio. 1995. Multiauthor papers on the rise. Science [online]. [vid. 2012- 02-03]. Available: http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-16845064.html
Method of continuous footnotes
Footnote – an explanatory note and/or source citation at the foot of the page. Numbered references to citations listed below the line on the same page. When you refer to a document multiple times in your text, use new serial number each time.
It is mainly used in the humanities.
Secondary Referencing
Work mentioned in another author’s work (you have not actually seen this original source yourself). You cannot include them in your reference list.
Example: "Harvey (2010, cited in Lewis, 2012, p. 43) provides an excellent survey…"
Reference list
Reference list is made in compliance with the reference method used in the text.
It contains only references of the documents used in the text.
Alphabetical sort
Citations are sorted in alphabetical order by author’s surname, date issue (starting with the earliest published).
Start with publication with the only author first, then release publications with co-authors.
Sometimes you may need to cite two (or more) publications by an author published in the same year. To distinguish between the items in the text, allocate lower case letters in alphabetical order after the publication date.
Numeric sort
The citations are numbered in ascending order, depending on first usage in the text (when multiple referencing to one document, use the same number).